ICCP信仰宣言主题二十二『人类生命的神圣』
附录:B 『胎儿是人』的圣经依据
https://www.churchcouncil.org/uploads/1/1/7/6/117620686/22_sanctity_life_appen_elliot.pdf
一、在受孕(受精)时开始的个人人类生命,与个人的成人生活是连续的。 在旧约中,希伯来文hareh(受孕)和yeled(生育,生孩子)共同出现了41次。 这两个字的紧密配对,清楚地强调了『受孕(受精)』,而不是『出生』,是个人人类生命的起点。
The individual human life initiated at conception is on a continuum with the individual adult life. The Hebrew terms hareh (conceive) and yeled (give birth, bear a child) occur together 41 times in the Old Testament. The close pairing of these two words clearly emphasize conception, not birth, is the starting point of individual human life.
当一个女人认为她『有了孩子』时(hareh,创16:11; 出21:22; 撒下11:5 ; 赛7:14;等等; 出21:22 yeled孩子们),表示在她的子宫怀孕了『宝宝』(路1:41,44)或『儿子』(创25:22 ben儿子; 伯3:3 geber男胎; 路1:36 ui`o,j 儿子; 参见路1:15)。希伯来文ben、geber和希腊文 ui`o,j,通常用于各种年龄的儿子或成年男子的经文中。同样地,希伯来文yeled几乎总是用于孩子(不是他或她母亲的子宫里的婴儿)。希腊文bre,foj没有区分『未出生的婴儿』(路1:41,44)、『新生儿』(路2:12,16; 徒7:19; 彼前2:2)、『婴儿』(路18:15)和『儿童』(提后3:15)。这些用于『子宫内婴儿』的希伯来和希腊词汇的使用,显示出随著时间的个人身份----从一个人的『受孕』到『成年』。没有单独的希伯来文或希腊文被用于区分『胎儿』和『婴儿』或『儿童』(注2)。因此,上帝没有区分潜在的人类生命和实际的人类生命、未出生的胎儿和已出生的孩子。
When a woman conceives she is “with child” (hareh, Gn 16:11; Ex 21:22; 2 Sa 11:5 NKJ; Is 7:14; etc.; Ex 21:22 yeled children), having conceived a “baby” (Lk 1:41, 44) or a “son” (Gn 25:22 ben son; Job 3:3 geber mighty man; Lk 1:36 ui`o,j son; cf. Lk 1:15) in her womb. Hebrew terms ben, geber, and the Greek ui`o,j are normally used in Scripture of sons of various ages or of adult men. Likewise, the Hebrew yeled is almost always used of a child (not a baby in his or her mother’s womb). The Greek term bre,foj makes no distinction between an unborn baby (Lk 1:41, 44), a newborn baby (Lk 2:12, 16; Ac 7:19; 1 Pt 2:2), an infant (Lk 18:15), and a young child (2 Tim 3:15). The use of these Hebrew and Greek terms for babies in the womb demonstrate personal identity over time—from a person’s conception through adulthood. No separate Hebrew or Greek words are used to distinguish a fetus from an infant or child.2 Thus God makes no distinction between potential human life and actual human life, between an unborn fetus and a child already born.
注2希伯来词汇gōlem(胚胎)在圣经中只出现一次(诗139:16)。 如果圣经的作者想要区分『未出生的胎儿』和『婴儿』或『已经出生的孩子』,那么就可以获得必要的术语。
2. The Hebrew term gōlem (embryo) occurs only once in the Bible (Ps 139:16). If the writers of Scripture had desired to distinguish between an unborn fetus and babies or children who had already been born, the necessary terminology was available.
从受孕直到成人的个人身分的持续性,藉著人称代名词(例如,我(主格)、我(受格)、我的、你、等等)在这类经文的使用也指出----一个成熟的男人(例如,约伯、基督、大卫、受苦的仆人、耶利米、或雅各)回溯到他在母亲子宫里的胎儿时期。(伯3:13; 31:15; 诗22:9f; 139:13-16; 51:5; 赛49:1,5; 耶1:4f; 20:17f; 何12:3)。 上帝祂自己主动在子宫中创造和塑造每一个人(伯10:8-12; 31:15; 诗119:73; 139:13-16; 耶1:5 参见诗78:5f)。
Continuation of personal identity from conception through adulthood is also indicated by the use of personal pronouns (e.g., “I,” “me,” “my,” “you,” etc.) in passages in which a grown man (e.g., Job, Christ, David, the Suffering Servant, Jeremiah, or Jacob) refers back to when he had been a baby in his mother’s womb (Job 3:13; 31:15; Ps 22:9f; 139:13-16; 51:5; Is 49:1, 5; Jer 1:4f; 20:17f; Ho 12:3). God himself actively creates and molds each person in the womb (Job 10:8-12; 31:15; Ps 119:73; 139:13-16; Jer 1:5 cf. Ps 78:5f).
二、意外杀死一个未出生的婴儿是谋杀并保证死刑,因为未出生的婴儿是一个『灵魂』或『活物』(希伯来文nephesh,出21:22f; 参见创9:5f)。 以命还命的公式适用于胎儿的摧毁,并没有关于胎儿多么年轻的资格限制。 在这个法律的眼中,胎儿---在任何发育阶段---都是一个活生生的人。 关于胎儿生命的价值,这个判例法给出了一个更不必说的论点(即从较小到较大):如果这些处罚适用于『意外堕胎』,那么它们对『故意堕胎』更是适用!
Accidentally killing an unborn baby is murder and warrants capital punishment because the unborn baby is a “soul” or “living being” (nephesh, Ex 21:22f; cf. Gn 9:5f). The life-for-life formula applies to the destruction of a fetus, with no qualification as to how young the fetus might be. The fetus—at any stage of development—is, in the eyes of this law, a living human being. This case law gives an a fortiori argument (i.e., from the lesser to the greater) regarding the value of fetal life: If these penalties apply to an accidental abortion, how much more do they apply to deliberate abortion!
小小羊补充说明:
有段非常重要的经文,要特别讲解一下:
『人若彼此争斗,伤害有孕的妇人,甚至坠胎,随后却无别害,
那伤害她的,总要按妇人的丈夫所要的,照审判官所断的,受罚。
若有别害,就要以命偿命,以眼还眼,以牙还牙,以手还手,以脚还脚,
以烙还烙,以伤还伤,以打还打』(出21:22-25)
这里经文的『坠胎』,并不是说『胎儿死亡』的『流产』,
而是指『胎儿未死』的『早产』,而且是平安无事的早产。
因为经文在『坠胎』之后马上接著讲『随后却无别害』。
假使是之后有事的早产,甚至是胎儿死亡的流产,
就变成下一句的状况--------『若有别害,就要、、』。
更清楚的翻译是:
「当人彼此争斗,他们无意中伤到了孕妇和胎儿时,
而且胎儿出生后,没有任何伤害----即妇女与婴儿未死,
那位伤害妇人的必须受惩罚。
但是如果有任何伤害----如果妇女或婴孩死了,
他就要以命偿命」
(贾斯乐/郝威『圣经难解经文诠释手册』)
也就是说,『赔偿』,是伤害导致胎儿早产的状况;
假使胎儿死亡,那就不是『赔偿』,而是要『以命偿命』了。
三、子宫中的孩子,是一个与他或她母亲分开的人(创25:23; 出21:22f; 路1:15,36,41-44; 加1:15)。
The child in the womb is a separate person from his or her mother (Gn 25:23; Ex 21:22f; Lk 1:15, 36, 41-44; Gal 1:15).
四、人们在罪中受孕(诗51:5)。 罪是道德性的,不是物质性的,并且只有道德行为者(人)才能够有罪或具有罪性。 未出生的婴儿在罪中被怀孕,因为他们是『在亚当里』(即:亚当(第一个人)的后裔,因此是亚当或人类的成员,罗5:12ff)。
People are conceived in sin (Ps 51:5). Sin is ethical, not physical, and only a moral agent (person) can be guilty of sin or have a sin nature. Unborn babies are conceived in sin because they are “in Adam” (i.e., descendents of Adam, the first man, and therefore members of the Adamic or human race; Ro 5:12ff).
五、当一个婴儿在子宫内或分娩时死亡,它的灵魂会与已故的成人一起进入来世(伯3:13-15)。
When a baby dies in the womb or in childbirth, its soul enters the afterlife with deceased adults (Job 3:13-15).
六、未出生的婴儿可以被圣灵充满(路1:15)。 在圣经中,只有人类被『圣灵充满』。
An unborn baby can be filled with the Holy Spirit (Lk 1:15). In Scripture, only human persons are “filled with the Holy Spirit.”
七、为了应对外部刺激(也许是圣灵的力量),胎儿可以为热情洋溢的快乐而跳跃(路1:41,44)。因此,未出生的婴儿是一个属灵的、理性的、道德的存在(诗51:5; 路1:41,44)。
In response to external stimuli (and perhaps by the power of the Holy Spirit), a fetus can leap for exuberant joy (Lk 1:41, 44). Thus an unborn baby is a spiritual, rational, moral being (Ps 51:5; Lk 1:41, 44).
八、当他们仍在子宫中时,上帝呼召一些人去做特别的服事(加1:15f; 士13:3,5,7; 赛49:1,5; 耶1:5; 罗9:11f)。
God calls some men to special service while still in the womb (Gal 1:15f; Jdg 13:3, 5, 7; Is 49:1, 5; Jer 1:5; Ro 9:11f).
九、还在他母亲的子宫里的时候,耶稣基督就完全是一个人。在道成肉身的过程中,『道』取得了『肉体』,并成为了『神—人』---耶稣基督。圣经告诉我们,上帝为他预备了一个物质的身体(来10:5)。福音书描述了这个过程的一部分:上帝的儿子是圣灵所感孕的(太1:20; 路1:35);马利亚在她的子宫里受孕(路1:31);马利亚产生了(生了)一个儿子(太1:20; 路1:31)。显然,上帝在『受孕』这个时间点开始了道成肉身的过程,而不是一段时间之后。这是必要的,因为,在他的人性中,基督『必须在所有事情上像他的弟兄一样』(来2:17,14; 参见诗22:9f; 49:1,5; 路3:23-38)。
Jesus Christ was fully a person while in his mother’s womb. In the incarnation the Logos took on flesh and became the God-man, Jesus Christ. Scripture tells us that God prepared a physical body for him (Heb 10:5). The Gospels describe some of this process: the Son of God was begotten of the Holy Spirit (Mt 1:20; Lk 1:35); Mary conceived in her womb (Lk 1:31); and Mary brought forth (gave birth to) a son (Mt 1:20; Lk 1:31). Clearly God began the process of the incarnation at the point of conception, not some time later. This was necessary because, in his human nature, Christ “had to be made like his brethren in all things” (Heb 2:17, 14; cf. Ps 22:9f; Is 49:1, 5; Lk 3:23-38).
小小羊